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Entwicklungsroman – Wikipedia
By Saul McLeodupdated Kohlberg's theory proposes that there are three levels of moral development, with each level split into two stages. Kohlberg suggested that people move through these stages in a fixed order, and that moral understanding is linked to cognitive development.
The three levels of moral reasoning include preconventional, dissertation entwicklung, conventional, and postconventional. By using children's responses to a series of moral dilemmas, Kohlberg established that the reasoning behind the decision was a greater indication of moral development than the actual answer, dissertation entwicklung.
Lawrence Kohlberg agreed with Piaget's theory of moral development in principle but wanted to develop his ideas further. In each case, he presented a choice to be considered, for example, between the rights of some authority and the needs of some deserving individual who is being unfairly treated.
Doctors said a new drug might save her. The drug had been discovered by a local chemist, dissertation entwicklung, and the Heinz tried desperately to buy some, but the chemist dissertation entwicklung charging ten times the money it cost to make the drug, and this was much more than the Heinz could afford.
Heinz could only raise half the money, dissertation entwicklung after help from family and friends. He explained to the chemist that his wife was dying and asked if he could have the drug cheaper or pay the rest of the money later. The chemist refused, saying that he had discovered the drug and was going to make money from it. What if the person dying was a stranger, would it make any difference?
Should the dissertation entwicklung arrest the chemist for murder if the woman died? By studying the answers from children of different ages to these dissertation entwicklung, Kohlberg hoped to discover how moral reasoning changed as people grew older. The sample comprised 72 Chicago boys aged 10—16 years, 58 of whom were followed up at three-yearly intervals for 20 years Kohlberg, Each boy was given a 2-hour interview based on the ten dilemmas.
What Kohlberg was mainly interested in was not whether the boys judged the action right or wrong, but the reasons given for the decision. He found that these reasons tended to change as the children got older. Kohlberg identified three distinct levels of moral reasoning: preconventionalconventionaland postconventional.
Each level has two sub-stages. People can only pass through these levels in the order listed. Each new stage replaces the reasoning typical of the earlier stage. Not everyone achieves all the stages. The 3 levels of moral reasoning include. Preconventional morality is the first stage of moral development, and lasts until approximately age 9. For example, if an action leads to punishment is must be bad, and if it leads to a reward is must be good.
Authority is outside the individual and children often make moral decisions based on the physical consequences of actions. Obedience and Punishment Orientation. If a person is punished, they must have done wrong, dissertation entwicklung.
Individualism and Exchange. At this stage, children recognize that there is not just one right view that is handed down by the authorities. Different individuals have different viewpoints. Conventional morality is the second stage of moral development, and is characterized by an acceptance of social rules concerning right and wrong. At the conventional level most adolescents and adultsdissertation entwicklung, we begin to internalize the moral standards of valued adult role models.
Authority is internalized but not questioned, and reasoning is based on the norms of the group to which the person belongs. A social system that stresses the responsibilities of relationships as well as social order is seen as desirable and must, therefore, influence our view of what is right and wrong, dissertation entwicklung.
Good Interpersonal Relationships. Therefore, answers relate to the approval of others. Maintaining the Social Order. These are abstract and ill-defined, dissertation entwicklung, but might include: the preservation of life at all costs, and the importance of human dignity.
Individual judgment is based on self-chosen principles, dissertation entwicklung, and moral reasoning is based on individual rights and justice. According to Kohlberg this level of moral reasoning is as far as most people get.
That is to say, most people take their moral views from those around them and only a minority think through ethical dissertation entwicklung for themselves. Social Contract and Individual Rights. The issues are not always clear-cut. Universal Principles. People at this stage have developed their own set of moral guidelines which may or may not fit the law. The principles apply to everyone. The person will be prepared to act to defend these principles even if it means going against the rest of society in the process and having to pay the consequences of disapproval and or imprisonment, dissertation entwicklung.
Kohlberg doubted few people reached this stage. Most of the dilemmas are unfamiliar to most people Rosen, For example, it is all very well in the Heinz dilemma asking subjects whether Heinz should steal the drug to save his wife. They have never been married, and never been placed in a situation remotely like the one in the story.
How should they know whether Heinz should steal the drug? Mens' morality is based on abstract principles of law and justice, while womens' is based on principles of compassion and care. Further, the gender bias issue raised by Gilligan is a reminded of the significant gender debate still present in psychology, which when ignored, can have a large impact on the results obtained through psychological research.
In a real situation, dissertation entwicklung, dissertation entwicklung course of action a person takes will have real consequences — and sometimes very unpleasant ones for themselves.
Would subjects reason in the same way if they were placed in a real situation? People may respond very differently to real life situations that they find themselves in than they do with an artificial dilemma presented to them in the comfort of a research environment.
The way in which Kohlberg carried out his research when constructing this theory may not have been the best way to test whether all children follow the same sequence of stage progression, dissertation entwicklung. His research was cross-sectionalmeaning that he interviewed children of different ages to see what level of moral development they were at.
A better way to see if all children follow the same order through the stages would have been to carry out longitudinal research on the same children, dissertation entwicklung.
Kohlberg claims that there are, but the evidence does not always support this conclusion. For example, a person who justified a decision on the basis of principled reasoning in one situation postconventional morality stage 5 or 6 would frequently fall back on conventional reasoning stage 3 or 4 dissertation entwicklung another story, dissertation entwicklung.
In practice, dissertation entwicklung, it seems that reasoning about right and wrong depends more upon the situation than upon general rules. What is more, individuals do not always progress through the stages and Rest found that one in fourteen actually slipped backward.
The evidence for distinct stages of moral development looks very weak, and some would argue that behind the theory is a culturally biased belief in the superiourity of American values over those of other cultures and societies, dissertation entwicklung.
Kohlberg never claimed that there would be a one to one correspondence between thinking and acting what we say and what we dissertation entwicklung but he does suggest that the two are linked. Overall Bee points out that moral behavior is only partly a question of moral reasoning. It is also to do dissertation entwicklung social factors. However, Gilligan suggests dissertation entwicklung the principle of caring for others is equally dissertation entwicklung. Furthermore, Kohlberg claims that the moral reasoning of males has been often dissertation entwicklung advance of that of females.
Gilligan dissertation entwicklung. He neglects the feminine voice of compassion, love, and non-violence, which is associated with the socialization of girls, dissertation entwicklung. McLeod, S. Kohlberg's stages of moral development.
Simply Psychology. Colby, A. A longitudinal study of moral judgment. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development48Serial No. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Gilligan, C. In a different voice: Women's conceptions of self and of morality, dissertation entwicklung. Harvard Educational Review47 4 Kohlberg, L. The Development of Modes of Thinking and Choices dissertation entwicklung Years 10 to DissertationUniversity of Chicago.
The Psychology dissertation entwicklung Moral Development: The Nature and Validity of Moral Stages Essays on Moral Development, Dissertation entwicklung 2.
Piaget, J, dissertation entwicklung. The moral judgment of the child. Rest, J. Development in judging moral issues. University of Minnesota Press. Rosen, B. Moral dilemmas and dissertation entwicklung treatment. In, Moral development, moral education, and Kohlberg. Munsey Ed, dissertation entwicklung. Birmingham, Alabama: Religious Education Press.
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